why did france invade mexico where was the battle

[165], Maximilian protested the loss of the Egyptian Corps, ostensibly to suppress a rebellion in the Sudan, because they were "extremely helpful in the hot lands". With their armies defeated and their government fled, the citizens of Mexico City had little choice but to surrender when the victorious French troops arrived in June. He subsequently captured Ciudad Tula on 4 June, and cut off communications from the imperialist held Tampico[82], Bazaine dispatched generals Auguste Henri Brincourt and Baron Neigre towards the Mapimi border in order to go after Negrete. Such a treaty would have allowed U.S. construction in Mexico and protection from European forces in exchange for a payment of $4million to the heavily indebted government of Benito Jurez. American volunteers were joining the Republicans, and Juarez now taking refuge at El Paso del Norte expressed confidence that American pressure could play a decisive role in influencing French withdrawal. Why did France invade Mexico in Battle of Puebla? On 10 January 1863, a French squadron bombarded the Mexican Pacific port of Acapulco and on 3 February, Forey finally set out for Puebla. O'Horan would then switch sides and join the imperialists. [99], Billot retired on 31 January from Chihuahua, leaving the city in charge of Indian allies, but it fell to Republican troops in March. He was initially not interested in the project due to the inevitable opposition that the effort would invite from the United States due to the Monroe Doctrine, a concern that would be rendered null with the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861. determined to convert these wild hordes of barbarians, and subject them to the cross of Christ; he therefore sent among them a number of Dominican and Franciscan missioners, and embassies of peace passed between the Pope, the King of France . Today, French human rights organizations are receiving daily calls from Russian soldiers who want to defect from the Russian army. Regulas ventured out into Guanajuato where he was checked and instead hastened back to Michoacan where he captured Tacambaro on 11 April, where the imperialists lost a significant number of Belgian mercenaries. Four years later, in 1876, when Lerdo ran for re-election, Daz launched a second, successful revolt (the Plan de Tuxtepec) and captured the presidency. [131] Maximilian, Miramon, Marquez, Mejia, and Mendez became known as the five magic M's of the Empire. [164] It consisted of:[1], This unit was commonly designated as the "Egyptian Battalion". Robert H. Buck, Captain, Recorder. The intervention came as a civil war, the Reform War, had just concluded, and the intervention allowed the Conservative opposition against the liberal social and economic reforms of President Jurez to take up their cause once again. Dan talks to Adam Zamoyski, a historian who has recently written a new biography of Napoleon. Cinco de Mayo History At the time, the country was in financial ruin after years of internal strife, and the new president was forced to default on debt payments to European governments. [144], The Imperialists now sought to break through the enemy lines and seek refuge in the mountain range of the Sierra Gorda, and possibly reach the coast. [106], After Porfirio Diaz escaped he fled to Oaxaca and hoped to form a new army. As independent ex-colonies like Mexico grew more economically important throughout the 19th century, the worlds great powers in Europe began to invest in their development. The commander of troops at Bagdad, Juan Cortina then defected to the Imperialists.[59]. In May however, he resumed operations and made it into the Toluca region, finding allies around Zitacuaro and Guerrero. : The former imperial commander Lozada meanwhile declared the neutrality of the department of Nayarit. [158] 6,654[9] :231 French died, including 4,830 from disease. Captain Yarka of the Romanian Army served with the 3rd Regiment of Chasseurs d'Afrique as a volunteer, keeping the same rank. [19] More importantly, Napoleon III wanted to establish Mexico as a monarchist ally in the Americas in order to restrain the growing power of the United States. In less than a fortnight, the Wehrmacht swept through the country from the north. We should have thus been relieved from the obligation of resisting, even by force, should this become necessary, any attempt of these governments to deprive our neighboring Republic of portions of her territory, a duty from which we could not shrink without abandoning the traditional and established policy of the American people. Corona fled to the north but returned in September to win a victory for the Republicans, at Mazatln[76], The success at Mazatlan now allowed the imperialists to turn their attention towards the northwest coast, and Castagny hoped to capture the port of Guaymas. Funds and resources were also lacking. In December 1861, Emperor Napoleon III invaded Mexico on a pretext that Mexico had refused to pay its foreign debt, though in retrospect, Emperor Napoleon III wanted to expand his empire in Latin-America and this became known as the Second French intervention in Mexico. But the battle of Liegnitz stayed them in their onward career, and Europe was saved. The French and Mexican Imperial Army rapidly captured much of Mexican territory, including major cities, but guerrilla warfare remained rampant, and the intervention was increasingly using up troops and money at a time when the recent Prussian victory over Austria was inclining France to give greater military priority to European affairs. . Thodore Gudin's depiction of the Baudin's attack on San Juan de Ula in 1838 with Veracruz to the left. The imperialists evacuated the city on 19 December, and headed for Guanajuato. [108], At Charco Escondido, Mejia was struggling against Republicans whose forces were being swelled by American soldiers. This timeline forms part of our close-up on: the Mexican campaign, 1862-1867.. 6 July 1832: Ferdinand Maximilian, second son of Archduke Franz Karl and Princess Sophie of Bavaria, was born in Schnbrunn, Austria.Sophie was known to have been close to the Duke of Reichstadt, son of Napoleon I, and it was rumoured that Maximilian was actually the son of the duke, and not of Franz Karl. Ukrainians discuss how their lives have changed since Russia invaded their country. [63], The imperialist Juan Vicario was repulsed at Chilapa de lvarez, while on the way to replace the French garrison in the southern, Pacific port of Acapulco, and subsequently the port had to be evacuated and left to the Republicans in December. The French held on to the port but surrendered in July and in August they surrendered Tuxpan. Republican commanders were hopeful that surplus arms and Union troops would soon aid them. Produced by Nina Feldman and Eric Krupke. [85] but General Corona nonetheless pressed upon the imperialists and succeeded in driving French troops throughout Sinaloa back to Mazatln[86], After the defeat of Negrete, Brincourt had then proceeded towards Chihuahua with two thousand five hundred men. In 1829 France would attempt a diplomatic approach with Hussein, sending an ambassador to Algeria. A new government was to be set up, friendly to French interests, and the geopolitical aim of preventing the United States from becoming too powerful in the Americas was also emphasized. There are probably several reasons for this imperialistic French attack. France was victorious at the Battle of Puebla despite having lost the battle. Answer (1 of 4): The failed French Intervention in Mexico spanned from 1862 to 1867. [107], In the northeast, Republican forces were led by Mendez who blocked the route to Tampico, Mariano Escobedo who was based north of Linares, and Gonzales Herrera and Trevino who were based around Parras. What Was the Atlantic Wall and When Was It Built? [68] The former Republican General Jos Lpez Uraga sent a letter to Diaz hoping to win him over to the imperialist cause, arguing that guerrilla warfare was devastating the country and assuring Diaz that the independence of Mexico was secure under Maximilian. The war in the East can be seen . General Staff of the army. Portugal in 1807 was ruled by the House of Braganza. However, Emperor Maximilian disagreed with the French emperor on Mexican resources going to anyone but Mexicans. The French intervention in Mexico, initially supported by the United Kingdom and Spain, was a consequence of Mexican President Benito Jurez's imposition of a two-year moratorium of loan-interest payments from July 1861 to French, British, and Spanish creditors. Republican guerilla commanders Catarino Fragoso, Len Ugalde, and others continued to wage warfare against any town occupied by the French. Less severe penalties were prescribed for aiding guerillas and exceptions were made for those who were forced into service or were involved circumstantially. [35] The port of Tampico was captured by French vessels on 11 August. Veracruz was now the only gulf port left under imperialist control. In January 1866, American troops raided Bagdad, a blatant violation of neutrality which resulted in the federal government removing the commandant and disciplining those involved in the raid. Hundreds of history documentaries, ad free podcasts and subscriber rewards. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Marquez proceeded to occupy Colima and by 18 November 1864, Marquez had captured the port of Manzanillo. The executive was then officially changed into the Regency of the Mexican Empire. Landing a small army in Mexico in early 1862 under the pretense of forcing the repayment of Mexican debts, France soon moved to conquer the country. Porfirio Daz (a Liberal general and a hero of the French war, but increasingly conservative in outlook), one of the losing candidates, launched a rebellion against the president. [146] Republican troops quickly overwhelmed the city and Miramon, Mejia, and Maximilian were taken prisoner. The first important battle of the infamous adventure, the Cinco de Mayo or First Battle of Puebla, was a French defeat: in 1862, six thousand five hundred French soldiers failed to take the city of Puebla, defen. Diaz rejected this offer. The "Pastry War" was fought between France and Mexico from November 1838 to March 1839. Mndez took advantage of the recently passed Black Decree to execute both of them. First, Spain arrived with their delegation on December 1861 . Pg.38 . With Michael Simon Johnson. When the time arrived however, a false alarm arose that the Imperialist headquarters were under attack, leading to the assulat on San Gregorio to be put off. These northern states granted them the considerable revenue coming into the Pacific ports of Manzanillo, Mazatlan, and Guaymas. Pachuca was captured by the republicans in November, and Perote fell in January, 1867. The French and Austrian governments subsequently complied. A republican revolt led by Ignacio Alatorre had been crushed in Papantla and Misantla, but with Republican successes further north, Alatorre rose up again, capturing Jalapa in November. [103], Sonora now fell to the Republicans and hundreds of refugees fled to the United States or tried to retreat with the French. A fire has broken out at Europe's largest nuclear power plant in the city of Enerhodar in Ukraine after an attack by Russian troops, said the city's mayor. The 3 international locations maximum stricken by this; were France, Britain, and Mexico's vintage grasp Spain had been outraged, and in October 1861 they agreed to a joint intervention on the Treaty of London, wherein they could invade Veracruz withinside the south-east of the united . His forces were disbanded in the course of being pursued by the imperialists. By creating a European Catholic Empire in the region, French ties with the Catholic Hapsburg Empire, which she had been at war with as recently as 1859, would grow stronger in a time of shifting power structures in Europe with Bismarcks Prussia growing ever-stronger. It was the result not only of missionary propaganda but also, after 1850, of the upsurge of French capitalism, which generated the need for overseas markets and the desire for a larger French share of the Asian territories conquered by the West. Nonetheless, due to the French withdrawal, the Republican General Aureliano Rivera captured Tampico in May. See full answer below. Facing defeats and mounting pressure both at home and abroad, the French finally began to leave in 1866. The city was occupied on the 17. [154] Between 1865 and 1868, General Herman Sturm acted as an agent to deliver guns and ammunition to the Mexican Republic led by Jurez. [51][52][53], The Republican General Porfirio Diaz, with three thousand troops managed to defeat the imperialists commander Marcos Toledo at the silver mining town of Taxco on 26 October 1864. Uniform of a French Foreign legionary during the Mexican campaign. In early October, Diaz routed the imperialist general Oronoz, who barely escaped and retreated into Oaxaca City, after which Diaz began a siege. [18] The emperor himself, however proved to be of liberal inclination and continued some of the Jurez government's most notable liberal measures. [126], On 27 January 1867, Miramon triumphantly captured Aguascalientes and nearly succeeded in capturing Juarez, the retreat of Governor Auza managing to save him. Diaz encroached upon this territory in the Spring of 1866, notably at Jamiltepec and Putla, upon which he sought to cut off communications between Oaxaca and Puebla. [127] Miramon however, did not intend to advance any further, satisfied with seizing funds from the population and with the diversion he had created among the Republicans, he retired to join Castillo at San Luis Potosi. Juarez was forced to evacuate yet again on 9 December, and fled to the American border. The route taken by the French . After taking over Puebla . A few days later, the Republicans, Simn Gutirrez and Antonio Rojas were defeated near the American border by the Imperialist Carlos Rivas, with French reinforcements. In 1865, through the selling of Mexican bonds by Mexican agents in the United States, the Jurez administration raised between $16-million and $18-million dollars for the purchase of American war material. The decision to invade Vietnam was made by Napoleon III in July 1857. 8 December 1861 - 21 June 1867 (5 years, 6 months, 1 week and 6 days) Result. The Republican general Mariano Escobedo figured out his intentions and intercepted him at San Jacinto at 1 February, leading to a complete rout. At a village meeting, Patton claimed that he believed the world would be ruled by Americans and the British as soon as the Germans and Japanese were defeated. The conflict began in 1861, when Benito Juarez, then the president of Mexico, stopped paying interest on the money he owed several countries, including France. [134], On 5 March, the Republican forces came into view of the defenders at Queretaro, and began to prepare for a siege. [118], The capital itself became vulnerable in late 1866. The country was divided into three great military districts the western, comprising the provinces north of Colima, including Durango and Chihuahua; the eastern, stretching from Aguascalientes and Tampico northward; and the central, embracing all the vast remainder to Chiapas. Create your account. Following a court-martial, Maximilian was sentenced to death. The following year, however, things began to unravel for the French. 3. As a result, France invaded Mexico, Corpus Christi in Texas was affected, a left leg still resides in two different countries, Cinco de Mayo came to be, and chewing gum was . It was also a political and military disaster for Napoleon, who would be deposed after defeat by the Prussian Empire in 1870. In July, reinforcements consisting of 30,000 men were sent out from France under the command of General Forey who was also given a set of instructions by Napoleon III laying out France's occupation policy. He then set out to attack the liberals at Santa Isabel where due to underestimating their forces was routed and captured. [88], On 1 October, the Republican government arranged a loan in New York for thirty million dollars. The success inspired a republican incursion into Veracruz, succeeding in capturing Minatitln on 28 March. The amassing of forces inspired a panic in Diaz' men and not willing to engage in a hopeless last stand, he surrendered, and was later sent to Puebla to be imprisoned, where he would escape seven months later and raise armies in the southern state of Guerrero. As early as 1859, U.S. and Mexican efforts to ratify the McLane-Ocampo Treaty had failed in the bitterly divided U.S. Senate, where tensions were high between the North and the South over slavery issues. [142] The mission failed, and now leading officers outright urged surrender. The nearby state capital of Tabasco, San Juan Bautista was recaptured by the Republicans on 27 February. [citation needed], France's adventure in Mexico had improved relations with Austria through Maximilian but produced no result as France had politically alienated itself in the international community. By 1941, Hitler was champing at the bit to attack. [77], The end of the American Civil War in April, 1865 marked a turning point in the French intervention. Why did France invade Mexico? After a council at Orizaba which decided against his abdication, Maximilian intended to return to Mexico City, first remaining at Puebla for nearly three weeks, and making preparations for the campaign. Mexican Monarchist victory during the majority of the war: Mexican Republican victory in the final year: The second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: Segunda intervencin francesa en Mxico), also known as the Second Franco-Mexican War (18611867),[15] was an invasion of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico, launched in late 1862 by the Second French Empire, at the invitation of Mexican conservatives. Pope Innocent IV. What Russian ex-soldiers who successfully defected . [151], United States policy did not change during the French occupation as it had to use its resources for the American Civil War, which lasted 1861 to 1865. Edited by Patricia Willens and M.J. Davis Lin. Realising that it was their partners ambition to conquer all of Mexico, and disturbed by both the greed and naked expansionism of this design, the British and Spanish left Mexico and the coalition in April 1862, leaving the French on their own. [60] Republican troops drove him into Texas, but troops loyal to Viduarri remained active in the region. Bazaine and the last of the French troops embarked for Toulon on 12 March.[123]. The annual celebration traces its origins back to when France invaded Mexico. Campbell, Reau (1907). [129] Maximilian reached Queretaro on 19 February, and was received by enthusiasm Miramon and the other generals who held a formal reception for the emperor. [121], In late December, the French evacuated Guanjuato, rendezvousing in Quertaro with retreating troops from San Luis Potosi, and then heading towards the port of Vera Cruz. On May 5, 1862, the Mexican army defeated the French in the Battle of Puebla. Though heavy guerrilla resistance and events elsewhere would ultimately lead to their defeat, it is an interesting counterfactual to contemplate how history might have turned out differently if the US had had a powerful European-backed Empire on its southern border. [147] Many of the crowned heads of Europe[147] and other prominent figures (including liberals Victor Hugo and Giuseppe Garibaldi)[citation needed] sent telegrams and letters to Mexico pleading for Maximilian's life to be spared, but Jurez refused to commute the sentence. The town however was soon taken back. University of Texas. On 16 April 1862, the French issued a proclamation inviting Mexicans to join them in establishing a new government. The end of the American Civil War in 1865 coincided with the beginnings of success for Jurez's forces against Maximilian's. Maximilian, ill-informed on Mexican affairs prior to his arrival, alienated his Conservative allies by attempting to adopt more Liberal policies, while he failed to win over . The first major battle of the war however ended in crushing defeat. Fierce warfare ensued with the Republican General Ramn Corona and Lozada was sent to aid Castagny resulting in an Imperialist victory at El Rosario in April, 1865. Photo Daniel Giannoni between pages 328 and 329 23 Anon., View of Mexico City, La muy noble y leal ciudad de Mxico (1690-92). At this point - mid-1944 - Germany was effectively defeated, having lost some 5 million soldiers with another 4.5 million captured. Fighting in the Fog: Who Won the Battle of Barnet? The Battle of Puebla was fought May 5, 1862 and occurred during the French intervention in Mexico. [20] To realize his ambitions without interference from other European states, Napoleon III entered into a coalition with the United Kingdom and Spain. Why is the Battle of Puebla So Famous? At the same time, the imperialist Manuel Lozada besieged the town on land leading to a successful capture. Answer to: Why did France invade Mexico in the Battle of Puebla? With many of Mexicos citizens and conservative governing classes deeply religious, Maximilian a member of the Catholic Hapsburg family was invited to become the first Emperor of Mexico. In April 1863 the most famous French action of the war took place, when a patrol of 65 men of the French Foreign Legion was attacked and besieged by a force of 3000 Mexicans in ahacienda,where the one-handed Captain Danjou fought with his men to the last, culminating in a suicidal bayonet charge. Germany had twice as many airplanes as Poland did and its planes were more advanced. As for Napoleon's empire, it would later collapse in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war. The Liberal party was almost unchallenged as a political force during the first years of the "restored republic". In a video clip posted to . In April 1863, Yarka engaged a Republican ("Juariste") Colonel in one-on-one combat, killing him. [112], On 13 November 1866, the French completed their evacuation of Mazatlan. French control of the country still centered on Veracruz and Mexico City but was gradually expanding. And because the German army in 1939 was a lot more mechanized than it had been in previous wars, the Germans were able to make progress extremely quickly. [67] Back in France, Forey, the former commander in chief of French forces in Mexico criticized Bazaine for not immediately executing Diaz. The siege was lifted for a few days to face Austro-Mexican reinforcements, which Diaz defeated, and then captured Oaxaca City on 1 November 1866. [84], In August, 1865 as French troops were concentrated in the north under Bazaine. What escaped Russian soldiers said March 1 14:41. [69], The French colonel Mangin remained at Oaxaca and rearranged the civilian government. Congress closed its session on 31 May after granting Juarez emergency powers. [1] Turkish officials have deported over 9,000 of these foreigners since 2011. France invaded Italy in 1494 because the King of France, Charles VIII (r. 1484-1498), had a claim to the Kingdom of Naples and was encouraged to act. Putman, William Lowell (2001) Arctic Superstars. France's decision to invade Mexico was also influenced by the possibility of gaining territory in the process. In December 1861, Emperor Napoleon III invaded Mexico on a pretext that Mexico had refused to pay its foreign debt, though in retrospect, Emperor Napoleon III wanted to expand his empire in Latin-America and this became known as the Second French intervention in Mexico. [21] French and British forces arrived on 7 January 1862. "I'm afraid to die" "I don't want to join the war". The French Intervention in Mexico started in December 1861. Why did France invade Mexico in Battle of Puebla? to divert German attention away from the planned invasion site. It helped replace the republic with a monarchy, known as the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico, member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine which ruled colonial Mexico at its inception in the 16th century. Foreign Minister Manuel Doblado invited the commissioners to travel to Orizaba with two thousand of their own troops for a conference while requesting that the rest of the tripartite forces disembark from Veracruz. The Battle of Puebla (Spanish: Batalla de . In addition, the French were suspicious of the growth and power of the United States in the North, which they saw as an extension of their rival empire Britains liberal Protestantism. [55], The republicans also still held southern states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Tabasco, and Chiapas where troops led by Porfirio Diaz maintained a formidable hold.[56]. It's been a year since Russia's invasion of Ukraine began. After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, six months of . [101], In the northwest provinces of Sonora and Sinaloa the French were mostly confined to Guaymas and Mazatlan, though the imperial General Edvard Emile Langberg held positions in the interior with the aid of the Opata natives. [37] The imperialist Gavito, managed to disperse republican guerillas in Cuayuca, and the imperialist Jess Mara Visoso managed to defeat Republican guerillas at Puebla. The instructions directed Forey to work with Mexican supporters in the pursuit of both military and political goals. Why did France invade Mexico where the battle took place? Daz ran against interim president Sebastin Lerdo de Tejada, lost the election, and retired to his hacienda in Oaxaca. [105], In Michoacan Regules were repeatedly repulsed to the point that his forces dissolved in April, 1866. Stringer/Anadolu Agency via Getty ImagesTensions continue to mount between Russia and Moldova - a small country bordering on southwestern Ukraine that is seeking European Union membership. In the Pacific Coast, a naval squadron under de Kergrist was ready to cooperate with Douay's troops in Jalisco and sweep north towards Sinaloa. Coordinating the campaign was remarkably swift . After Mexico declared its independence from Spain in 1821, there followed years of . [97] The sack of Bagdad would leave the French cautious, and prevent them from active campaigning near the border, instead focusing on consolidating their hold a few strong positions, maintaining communications with French held ports. On 3 December 1860, President James Buchanan had delivered a speech stating his displeasure at being unable to secure Mexico from European interference: European governments would have been deprived of all pretext to interfere in the territorial and domestic concerns of Mexico. [80] Negrete advanced towards Matamoros and was joined by American volunteers, and general Juan Cortina who had previously defected to the Imperialists, yet now defected back to the Republicans. As the United States was occupied with its own Civil War and could not intervene, the government . [66], Commander in Chief of the French Forces, Bazaine decided to lead the siege of Oaxaca City in person and by the end of January 1865, the besieging forces numbered seven thousand men. On 11 July, the Assembly published its resolutions, that Mexico was to be a constitutional monarchy and that Ferdinand Maximilian was to be invited to accept the Mexican throne. Contents1 Why did Poland fall to [] [31] Forey reached Orizaba on 24 October 1862, and began planning another siege of Puebla, the defense of which had now passed on to Jess Gonzlez Ortega after General Zaragoza had died of Typhoid fever on 8 September. The official reason for the invasion was Portugal's refusal to enforce the blockade of British trade known as the Continental System, but it also gave Napoleon a chance to infiltrate his armies into Spain, in preparation for his attack on that country in 1808. After reinforcements arrived the Republican forces led by Jos Lpez Uraga attempted to recapture Morelia, only to be defeated by Marquez. After receiving reinforcements in October, however, they were able to regain the initiative, with the major cities of Veracruz and Puebla still uncaptured. The imperialist commander Tomas Mejia hesitated to take the offensive due to the presence of nearby U.S. troops and their sympathy for the Republicans, until French reinforcements arrived and scattered Escobedo's forces on 8 November. During 1866, Prussia went to war with France's indirect ally Austria, which was promptly defeated while French troops were still in Mexico unable to affect the situation in Europe. Negrete engaged with Jeanningros in a skirmish on 31 May, and retreated. The use of artillery began on 4 February, and an assault was ordered for the 9th. Why did the French invade Mexico in 1862? [65] Towards the end of 1864, General Courtois d'Hurbal entered Oaxaca by way of Yanuitlan and other columns followed from Orizaba and Mexico City. In one of the stranger wars of modern times, the Second French Empire landed its troops in Mexico in 1861 which was the beginning of a bloody war that would drag on for another six years. [78] Maximilian received a message from the liberal government, hopeful that the U.S. would now aid the Republicans, and advising him that he should leave the country while he still could. Miramon urged Maximilian to leave as well but, the latter chose to stay. What Did People Wear in Medieval England? An imperialist garrison under Tomas Mejia however remained at Guanajuato, were able to hold a position and keep republican troops at bay. The three countries most affected by this - France, Britain and Mexico's old master Spain - were outraged, and in October 1861 they agreed to a joint intervention at the Treaty of London, where they would invade Veracruz in the south-east of the country in order to put pressure on Juarez. [64], The Imperialists however hoped to soon begin operations to dislodge Porfirio Diaz from his stronghold in the south, and began to survey the land and build roads. Maximilian was actually something of a liberal and deeply unsure about the whole business, but under pressure from Napoleon he had little choice but to accept the crown in October.

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