haplogroup g origin

Russ J Genet 2004; 40: 326331. [29][30][31] 3% of North African Berbers were found to be haplogroup G.[32] 2% of Arab Moroccans and 0.8% of Berber Moroccans were likewise found to be G.[33]. Am J Hum Genet 2008; 82: 236250. [25], In the Middle East, haplogroup G accounts for about 3% of the population in almost all areas. The second component, influenced by the relatively high presence of M377, separates Ashkenazi Jews from other populations (Figure 3a). (a) Principal component analysis by population. [6], A more eastern origin has also been mentioned, believed by some to originate in an area close to the Himalayan foothills. The authors declare no conflict of interest. G is found mostly in the north central Middle East and the Caucasus, with smaller numbers around the Mediterranean and eastward. The presence of hg G was first reported in Europe and Georgia5 and later described in additional populations of the Caucasus.6 Subsequently, several data sets containing hg G-related lineages have been presented in studies of different European populations7, 8, 9, 10 and so on, as well as studies involving several Middle Eastern and South Asian populations.4, 11, 12, 13, Hg G, together with J2 clades, has been associated with the spread of agriculture,5 especially in the European context. All G-M377 men tested so far also have a rare null value for the DYS425 marker, (a missing "T" allele of the DYS371 palindromic STR), the result of a RecLOH event, a finding not yet seen among most other G haplotypes. Age Forensic Sci Int-Gen 2007; 1: 287290. For this are several indications. For the human mtDNA haplogroup, see. A network analysis of representative hg G-P16 Y-STR haplotypes reveals a diffuse cluster (Supplementary Figure S2). Haplogroup K2e (K-M147) was previously known as "Haplogroup X" and "K2a" (but is a sibling subclade of the present K2a). New insights into the Tyrolean Icemans origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing. Ancient DNA reveals male diffusion through the Neolithic Mediterranean route. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. In addition, there are multiple other SNPs thought to have the same coverage as M201. Article Barac L, Pericic M, Klaric IM et al. Distribution. Semino et al. Although both broadly distributed, G2a-P15* and its downstream L91 sub-lineage have low frequencies, with the exception of Sardinia and Corsica. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The formula for the coalescence calculations is as follows: Age=25/1000 ASD0/0.00069. Then we applied a 10% overall hg G frequency threshold and the additional specification that both haplogroup G1 and G2 lineages also be present. (This followed the publication of: Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS. But a high percentage of U1 men belong to its two subclades, G-L13/S13 and Z1266 (G2a3b1a1b). The M201 SNP mutation that characterizes haplogroup G was identified at Stanford University and was first reported in 2001. Circles represent microsatellite haplotypes, the areas of the circles and sectors are proportional to haplotype frequency (smallest circle corresponds to one individual) and the geographic area is indicated by color. In contrast, the only U1 representative in Europe is the G-M527 lineage whose distribution pattern is consistent with regions of Greek colonization. Cadenas AM, Zhivotovsky LA, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Y-chromosome diversity characterizes the Gulf of Oman. Specifically, we intersected these criteria by applying the following filters. Also for P15* and L91 lineages Td estimates, DYS19 was excluded owing to duplications in these lineages.36. The non-clustering paraphyletic, hg G sub-group P303* residuals consist of samples from Near/Middle Eastern, Caucasian and European populations. To accommodate for variability in sample sizes and hg G content, haplogroup diversity was calculated using the method of Nei37 only in the 52 instances when total population sample size exceeded 50 individuals and 5hg G chromosomes were observed. Because M201 was identified first, it is the standard SNP test used when testing for G persons. Hum Genet 2004; 114: 127148. The G2 clade consists of one widespread but relatively infrequent collection of P287*, M377, M286 and M287 chromosomes versus a more abundant assemblage consisting of G2a-related P15*, P16 and M485-related lineages. Nonetheless, coalescent times provide a valuable/informative relative metric for estimating the time of lineage formation. The Morans I coefficient was calculated using the PASSAGE software v.1.1 (Phoenix, AZ, USA) with binary weight matrix, nine distance classes and random distribution assumption. G-P16 has a high frequency in South and NW Caucasus, with the highest frequency among North Ossetians63.6%. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 10231034. So far the men positive for this have had Irish, English, Dutch, Lebanese and/or Turkish (Armenian surname) ancestry. The highest frequencies of haplogroup G appear in the Caucasus region; however it also shows significant frequencies in the Mediterranean areas and the Middle East [69,70]. Origin, diffusion, and differentiation of Y-chromosome haplogroups E and J: inferences on the neolithization of Europe and later migratory events in the Mediterranean area. It has been found in Mexican mestizos. RV thanks the European Union Regional Development Fund for support through the Centre of Excellence in Genomics, the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research for the Basic Research grant SF 0270177As08. Dulik MC, Zhadanov SI, Osipova LP et al. ISSN 1476-5438 (online) Interestingly, the L30 SNP, phylogenetically equivalent to M485, M547 and U8, was detected in an approximately 7000-year-old Neolithic specimen from Germany, although this ancient DNA sample was not resolved further to additional sub-clade levels.39. In Lebanon, however, G accounts for 6.5% of the population and in Iran to around 10%. Genetic evidence concerning the origins of South and North Ossetians. Lacan M, Keyser C, Ricaut FX et al. There were only a few G categories until 2008 when major revisions to categories were made. Men who belong to this group but are negative for all its subclades represent a small number today. Haplogroup G ( M201) is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup. It was then learned that several subclades belong under L223, including: G-L91 was identified in 2009. The corresponding coalescent estimate for M377 is 5600 years ago (Supplementary Table S4). The most detailed SNP mutation identified was S126 (L30), which defines G2a3.[11]. To obtain Google Scholar. It is a child of haplogroup M12'G. It was likely born in the East Asia around 32,000 years ago. Am J Hum Genet 2004; 74: 788788. In the Near/Middle East, the highest P303 frequency is detected among Palestinians (17.8%), whereas in Europe the frequency does not exceed 6%. Considering these issues, we acknowledge that the variance of the age estimates may be underestimated. Chromosome Y microsatellites: population genetic and evolutionary aspects. In north-eastern Croatia, in the town of Osijek, G was found in 14% of the males. This value of 12 is uncommon in other G categories other than G1. Haplogroup G is a branch on the maternal tree of human kind. (2000) suggested 17,000 years ago. The G-M286 subclade (M286+) is small compared with G-L91. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11: 69. Gene pool structure of Eastern Ukrainians as inferred from the Y-chromosome haplogroups. Although the low frequency of hg G1-M285 makes it impractical to justify displaying a spatial frequency map, it is found (Supplementary Table S1) in the Near/Middle East including Anatolia, the Arabian Peninsula and Persian Gulf region, as well as Iran and the South Caucasus (mostly Armenians). Am J Hum Genet 2006; 78: 202221. It remains to be seen if testing will reveal G-M377 haplotypes in other populations this is some indication that G-M377 occurs at low levels in the Near East. There are multiple SNPs which so far have the same coverage as P15. Kaniewski D, Van Campo E, Van Lerberghe K et al. The following SNPs are so far identified as M201 equivalents: L116, L154, L269, L294, L240, P257, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, Page 94, U2, U3, U6, U7, U12, U17, U20, U21, U23 and U33. G-L91 would seem to encompass a significant proportion of men belonging to G. L91 is found so far in scattered parts of Europe and North Africa and in Armenia. Haplogroup K2a (M2308) and its primary subclade K-M2313 were separated from Haplogroup NO (F549) in 2016. Age: About 7,800 years ago Origin: Eurasia Y-Haplotree. A separate study on the Argyns found that 71% of males belong to G1. Differential Y-chromosome Anatolian influences on the Greek and Cretan Neolithic. Drawing the history of the Hutterite population on a genetic landscape: inference from Y-chromosome and mtDNA genotypes. Bosch E, Calafell F, Comas D, Oefner PJ, Underhill PA, Bertranpetit J : High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East or Southern Asia, likely in the region that is now northern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Another frequent sub-clade of the G2a3-M485 lineage is G2a3a-M406 (Figure 2e). His male-line descendants appear to remained rooted in the region for tens of thousands of years while the Ice Age was in full swing. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5792. However, no clinal patterns were detected in the spatial autocorrelation analysis of the five sub-haplogroup frequencies with distance, suggesting that the distributions are not clinal but rather indicative of isolation by distance and demographic complexities. Battaglia V, Fornarino S, Al-Zahery N et al. These Neolithic European were descendants of Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, among some of the earliest peoples in the world to practice agriculture. These latter labs also made use of raw data results reported by individuals tested for about 2,000 SNPs at 23andMe to provide new L or S-designated SNP tests. The mutations involved may be complicated and difficult to interpret. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011; 108: 97889791. Thus, these estimates should be viewed as the upper bounds of dispersal times. The overall coalescent age estimate (Supplementary Table S4) for P303 is 12600 years ago. The L293 SNP that characterizes a third subclade was identified in June 2010 at Family Tree DNA. Regueiro M, Cadenas AM, Gayden T, Underhill PA, Herrera RJ : Iran: tricontinental nexus for Y-chromosome driven migration. [4], Two scholarly papers have also suggested an origin in the Middle East, while differing on the date. Int J Legal Med 1997; 110: 141149. See: Poznik. The L91 mutation is found at 21327383 and rs35474563 on the Y-chromosome. Ashkenazi Jewish G2a1a men with northeastern European ancestry form a distinct cluster based on STR marker values. G-PF3147 (previously G-L223 and G-PF3146) is characterized by having the L223 mutation. It was found with burial artifacts belonging to the Linearbandkeramische Kultur ("Linear Band Ceramic Culture"; LBK). Y-chromosome lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Acores record elements of Sephardim and Berber ancestry. [2], In 2012, a paper by Siiri Rootsi et al. Thus inferences regarding migratory histories must be viewed cautiously, as diversities may have changed over the time spans discussed. Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography. Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. A network of 61 G2c-M377 lineages from Europe, the Near/Middle East and Central and South Asia reveals founder lineages (one pronounced founder in Ashkenazi Jews and a far distant one among South Asian individuals) and diverged lineages (Supplementary Figure S1). Semino et al. PAU thanks Professor Carlos D Bustamante. The suggested relevant pre-historical climatic and archeological periods specified in conjunction with lineage-specific estimated expansion times are specified in the summary portion of Supplementary Table S4. G2a2b1 so far has seldom surfaced in northern Africa or southern Asia, but represents a small percentage of the G population in the Caucasus Mountains region and in Iran. International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), "Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haplogroup_G-M201&oldid=1139571590, Articles with dead external links from January 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from April 2022, Articles with spreadsheet file bare URLs for citations, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with self-published sources from October 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from February 2021, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, M201, PF2957, L116, L154, L204, L240, L269, L402, L520, L521, L522, L523, L605, L769, L770, L836, L837, M201, P257/U6, Page94/U17, U2, U3, U7, U12, U20, U21, U23, U33, Other males purported to be members of Haplogroup G include: German-American pioneer and soldier, This page was last edited on 15 February 2023, at 20:17.

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