was king david from the tribe of benjamin

2. He told Joabs messenger: Say this to Joab: Dont let this upset you; the sword devours one as well as another. As king of Israel, David won numerous battles and made Israel a formidable nation, expanding its territory and military might, all while pointing his people to God. why was King Saul from the tribe of Benjamin chosen as Israel's first king when Judah was to be the ruling tribe all along, as related in I Samuel 8-10? 6), gives another reason, probably based on Jewish tradition (compare Esther R. on iii. But what makes David such a significant biblical figure is his role in establishing Gods earthly headquarters in Jerusalem. 8). Here are the 73 Psalms attributed to David, according to Jewish (and Protestant) tradition: Most of the Psalms David wrote are laments, giving us intimate portraits of his darkest moments. Its also possible that we learn something of the character of God through the character of David. His intention was to try them and thus to learn whether they would act in a brotherly manner toward Benjamin if he were in danger of losing his liberty. After the death of Ish-bosheth, the tribe of Benjamin joined the northern Israelite tribes in making David king of the united Kingdom of Israel and Judah. In Jewish culture the day begins at evening. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. We see that in the Feast of Tabernacles, which occurred for seven days on the seventh month. [20] Ephron is believed to be the Ophrah that was also allocated to the Tribe of Benjamin by Joshua. The Septuagint (an early great translation of the Old Testament) and the Latin Vulgate (a fourth-century Latin translation of the Bible) include additional Psalms, and bring the number attributed to David closer to 85. He was somewhere between the age of 15 and 19when Jesse sent him to the battle to check on his brothers. ; "Sefer ha-Yashar," Wayishla, ed. [28] An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in the Fatimid Caliphate failed and ended with his downfall in 1094. 11), that "a nation and a company of nations shall be of him"; and they decided that the existence of the tribe of Benjamin was necessary (Yer. So Saul had him brought in, and made him one of his armor-bearers. [7], According to the Hebrew Bible, following the completion of the conquest of Canaan by the Israelite tribes, Joshua allocated the land among the twelve tribes. (Genesis 49:10 JPS 1985). How much time passed after David was anointed and the killing of Goliath is not clear. David is a main character in the Old Testament books 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Chronicles, and 2 Chronicles. [43], In Jewish eschatology, the term mashiach, or "Messiah", came to refer to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age. The Seder Olam Zutta attributes the office to Zerubbabel, a member of the Davidic line, who is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 6th century BC, holding the title of Achaemenid Governor of Yehud Medinata. When David was king, a famine plagued Israel for three years. Bright, History of Israel (1960), 142, 189, 213-216; F. F. Bruce, Israel and the Nations (1963), passim. This is the same kingdom Jesus was referring to in Matt. Remember, Saul was anointed, too. When David returned to Jerusalem and was a favorite of Judah, it was a Benjamite (his name was Sheba) who started a revolt. It is now an abandoned Arab village. . Corpus of West Semitic Stamp Seals. How could I go to my house to eat and drink and make love to my wife? So there seems to be some discrepancy between David and Gods heart. He also supports his own Jewish credentials by reference to his descent from the tribe of Benjamin (Rom 11:1; Phil 3:5). b.c. 4), viz. In 1 Samuel 16:1-13 why did David not establish himself as king when Saul decided to go after him? xxxiii. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Eventually, David became king (more on how that happened in a moment), and continued his legacy as a great warrior. From this point on, the fortunes of Benjamin are tied up with those of Judah. Though Joshua allocated Bethel to Benjamin, by the time of the prophetess Deborah, Bethel is described as being in the land of the Tribe of Ephraim (Judges 4:5). From this point on, Davids duties were divided between watching his fathers sheep and playing music for the king. Almost the entire tribe of Benjamin was wiped out by the other Israelite tribes. Several passages in the Bible describe tribe of Benjamin as being pugnacious,[7] for example in the Song of Deborah, and in descriptions where they are described as being taught to fight left handed, so as to be able to wrong foot their enemies (Judges 3:1521, 20:16, 1 Chronicles 12:2) and where they are portrayed as being brave and skilled archers (1 Chronicles 8:40, 2 Chronicles 14:8). The Tribe of Benjamin. Far from trigger a contradiction, these passages harmonize themselves and confirm us for the nth time that the Bible is fully trustworthy. Instead, Jacob, his father, preferred to call him Benjamin, which can be read in Hebrew as meaning, "son of my right [hand]" (Genesis 35:16-18). It uses the relationships between a man named Boaz, a woman named Ruth, and her mother-in-law, Naomi, to paint a picture of Gods compassion for Israel. Nobody wanted to take him up on the offer. The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. In the Bible, anointed one and messiah are synonymous. After Solomon died, the Israelites divided into two separate kingdoms, each with its own king. And it just so happened that David was a talented musician. Wherever Saul sent David, God went with him, and he was successful. However the question of the western border is settled, Benjamite territory was strategically located for warfare, the main highway from N to S passing through it. During Sauls reign, Jerusalem was captured, and the Ark of the Covenant was in Judah. 8), and not until Jacob was one hundred years old (Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, ib. New International Version (NIV), Encyclopedia of The Bible Tribe of Benjamin. When David became king, he established Jerusalem as the nations capital and Gods headquarters, permanently altering Judahs importance in Jewish life and culture. Please indicate which translation you are using. 22:22)? David condemned the man in the story, unaware that it was a metaphor for what hed done to Uriah with Bathsheba (2 Samuel 12:1-10). (Exodus 15:6). (Genesis 35:16-18). Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! The other Israelite tribes were grieved at the near loss of the tribe of Benjamin. Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct. Is it plausible for constructed languages to be used to affect thought and control or mold people towards desired outcomes? ; compare Heilprin, "Seder ha-Dorot," i. your right hand, O LORD, shatters the enemy. Benjamin was the only son born in Canaan and choosing the first king from Benjamin is a way to recognize that distinction. ; Targ. The Bible gives us a lot of information about King David. (See below left) Thanks. When Saul died, the tribe of Judah anointed David as their king (2 Samuel 2:4), but Abner son of Ner, the commander of Sauls army, made Sauls son Ish-bosheth king over all Israel. One could also ask, why did not God choose David to start with, since God had already decided that the Messiah would be a son of David (i.e. people of wealth will seek your favor. 1. 21:43. The Tribe of Gad and the other nine tribes were located in the Northern . The frailty of the union was exposed, however, when David's son . 1:12; Coniah, Jer. Before he anointed David, the prophet Samuel rebuked Saul and warned him the Lord has sought out a man after his own heart (1 Samuel 13:14). The Tree of Jesse (a reference to David' father) is a traditional Christian artistic representation of Jesus' genealogical connection to David. In the Southern Kingdom of Judah, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin remained with control of the capital city of Jerusalem. When David learned she was pregnant, he hatched a scheme to hide his sin: since her husband Uriah was away at war, David had him brought back home. King David was a shepherd boy who became Israels third and most important king. After a long war (2 Samuel 3:1), David succeeded in uniting all twelve tribes (5:1-5). Then withdraw from him so he will be struck down and die., So while Joab had the city under siege, he put Uriah at a place where he knew the strongest defenders were. However, this theory has been widely contested. When David couldnt get Uriah to sleep with his wife Bathsheba (and therefore conceal Davids adultery), he plotted to have Uriah killed in combat. Press the attack against the city and destroy it. Say this to encourage Joab. 2 Samuel 11:25. O. and Yer.). Following his death, one of his sons named Ishbosheth was the second king who only ruled for two years. In the time of David the tribe of Benjamin followed the leadership of Joseph or Ephraim, considering itself closely related to the latter, and therefore jealous of Judah's rising power (II Sam. Saul married Ahinoam, daughter of Ahimaaz and had four sons and two daughters. When they were still some distance from Ephrath, Rachel went into labor, and she had hard labor. Later rabbinical authorities grant the office of exilarch to family members that traced its patrilineal[26] descent from David, King of Israel. The Davidic line or House of David (Hebrew: , romanized:Beit David) refers to the lineage of the Israelite king David through texts in the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, and through the succeeding centuries. b.c. The sons were Jonathan, Abinadab, Malchishua, Ish-bosheth, Ishvi, Armani, Irmia, and Mephibosheth. and Tan., Wayei, 14; so also in the original text of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs [Benjamin ii]; whereas a Christian interpolation refers it to Paul). All except Judah followed him and Joab pursued him on behalf of David. 352, ed. When they came to David with their good news, he had them executed for their crime. The Southern Kingdom of Judah consisted of the large tribe of Judah (King David's tribe) and the small tribe of Benjamin, which became part of the tribe of Judah and began using the same name. Generally, Benjamins territory lay between that of Judah on the S and that of the house of Joseph on the north. All except Judah followed him and it was Joab who pursued him on behalf of David. He enquired the people, 'What is wrong?' When a lion or a bear came and carried off a sheep from the flock, I went after it, struck it and rescued the sheep from its mouth. Eventually, the tribes restored Benjamin's tribe, greatly diminished due to the war, and the country reunited. David was around 15 years old when Samuel anointed him king in the midst of his brothers. David was from the tribe of Judah The 12 tribes of Israel descended from Jacob's 12 sons, and with the exception of Levi, each tribe controlled a specific territory within the nation of Israel. I'm just a layman but this is my analysis. Benjamites continued their opposition to David even after he had secured the throne for himself. They possessed real estate and received the title "Don" and de la Kblriih (De la Cavalleria). They then grabbed a wife each and took her back to their land and rebuilt their houses (Judges 1921). [31] Meir Perels traced the ancestry of Judah Loew ben Bezalel to the Hai Gaon through Judah Loew's alleged great-great-grandfather Judah Leib the Elder and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty; however, this claim is widely disputed, by many scholars such as Otto Muneles. Benjamin's oath touched Joseph so deeply that he could no longer pretend to be a stranger, and so revealed himself to his brother (Tan., ed. On the accession of Rehoboam, David's grandson, in c. 930 BCE, the united Kingdom of Israel dissolved with the northern tribes splitting from the House of David to constitute the northern Kingdom of Israel. those brought to be with her. The Tribe of Benjamin, located to the north of Judah but to the south of the Kingdom of Israel, is significant in biblical narratives as a source of various Israelite leaders, including the first Israelite king, Saul, as well as earlier tribal leaders in the period of the Judges. When David became king, he retook the fortress of Zion (which became known as the City of David), conquered Jerusalem, and returned the Ark to the city. [36] The Jewish banking family Louis Cahen d'Anvers claimed descent from the Davidic Line[37] Rabbi Yosef Dayan, who is a modern-day claimant to the Davidic throne in Israel and the founder of the Monarchist party Malchut Israel, descends from the Dayan family of Aleppo, who paternally descend from Hasan ben Zakkai, the younger brother of the Exilarch David I (d. 940). Because of this, some people have assumed that Jesus belonged to the tribe of Judah. The descendants of Benjamin, it is true, did not always show themselves worthy of their ancestor, especially in connection with the incident at Gibeah (Judges xix.). Moses: The Old Testaments Greatest Prophet. But God told Samuel that he doesnt use the same factors as people when it comes to choosing kings: Do not consider his appearance or his height, for I have rejected him. He is counted among the four men who died by the poison of the serpent in Paradise; i.e., without sin of his own, the other three being Amram, the father of Moses; Jesse, the father of David; and Kileab, the son of David (Shab. According to the Tanakh, upon being chosen and becoming king, one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one's head. Years later, when Saul disobeyed God, God rejected him as king (1 Samuel 15:26). A number of Jewish families in the Iberian peninsula and within Mesopotamia continued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in the Late Middle Ages, including the families of Abravanel, ibn Yahya and Ben-David. R. to viii. 17:14-15)? Ruth 4:18 lists descendants of Judah as Perez, Hezron, Ram, Amminidab, Nahshon, Salmon, Boaz, Obed, Jesse, David (the tenth). Davids line ruled in Jerusalem for about 400 years, until King Nebuchadnezzar captured the city and broke the line of kings. And when the Philistines (and Goliath) invaded, David was torn between his duties as Sauls musician and his responsibilities for tending his fathers sheep (1 Samuel 17:15). These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Can airtags be tracked from an iMac desktop, with no iPhone? At first the intention of the other tribes was to efface Benjamin completely, since the number of twelve tribes could be preserved through Ephraim and Manasseh; but they remembered God's promise to Jacob shortly before Benjamin's birth (Gen. xxxv. The Exilarchate in the Sasanian Empire was briefly abolished as a result of revolt by the Mar-Zutra II in the late 5th century CE, with his son Mar-Zutra III being denied the office and relocating to Tiberias, then within the Byzantine Empire. In addition, Mormon eschatology includes multiple references to other prophesied Davidic figures,[52] including one by the name of David who would come in the last days to inherit the throne and kingdom of David.[53]. 12; Sifre, l.c.). After convincing Saul to let him challenge Goliath, David chose five stones and went out to meet him. [35] The Berduga family of Meknes claim paternal descent from the Exilarch, Bostanai. 69c; Lam. [1][2] He was later succeeded by his son, Solomon. But he also put his God-given creativity to work as a songwriter. Origen ("In Genesim," xlii. As Saro Fedele notes in this answer, Jacob's prophecy to Judah does not rule out another tribe from being chosen to rule first: The scepter will not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet; so that tribute shall come to him and the homage of the people be his. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? To Joseph's astonishment Benjamin declared that the man on the throne was his brother, and Joseph revealed himself to Benjamin, telling him what he meant to do with the brothers. He reigned from Gibeah for 38 years (1 Samuel 8:31). According to the Bible, David, of the Tribe of Judah, was the third king of the United Monarchy of Israel and Judah. Where does this (supposedly) Gibson quote come from? Originally, the Levites did not have a land assigned to them, as their inheritance was the service to the Lord, and were scattered throughout all the . Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The grandson of Hezekiah ben David through his eldest son David ben Chyzkia, Hiyya al-Daudi, died in 1154 in Castile according to Abraham ibn Daud and is the ancestor of the ibn Yahya family. 27) is referred to the men of Shiloh who stole their wives (Judges xxi.) Some have thought that the origin of the tribe is to be found in the Binu (or Maru) yamina of the 18th cent. And David had been living with and fighting for the Philistinesthe Israelites sworn enemies. Both Ish-bosheth and Abner were murdered. They decided to allow these 600 men to carry on the tribe of Benjamin, but no one was willing to give their daughter in marriage to them because they had vowed not to. But David came to the Israelite camp to play music for Saul, and he heard Goliaths taunts. The lives of Gods people were simply collateral damage in Davids effort to cover up his sin. Members of the tribe are referred to as Benjamites or Benjaminites. The land of Gibeon would later be allotted to the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 21:17). In fact, David cites his experience as a shepherd to convince Saul why he can defeat Goliath: Your servant has been keeping his fathers sheep. Perhaps Davids biggest claim to fame was his legendary showdown with the Philistine giant, Goliath. Had they waited till David was 17 he would have been king. While a shepherd may seem like an inconsequential position, it was still dangerous. Warriors from the tribe of Benjamin might have been trained to be equally or more effective with their left hands. It was a famous nonaggression treaty between the Israelis and the Palestinians. The Tel Dan Stele, as aforementioned, remains the only mention of David himself outside the Bible, and the historical reliability of the United Monarchy of Israel is archaeologically weak. Welcome to BHSE! Among Eastern European Rabbis . The Hasmoneans, who established their own monarchy in Judea in the 2nd century BCE, were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah. (Dont worry, its been done. The Davidic dynasty, which had roots in Judah, continued to reign in Judah. The tribes lived as a united nation through the reign of King David's son, Solomon. 4 and 3 respectively; Identifying Biblical Persons in Northwest Semitic Inscriptions of 1200539 B.C.E. Berliner, on Gen. xxxv. Rehoboam evidently managed to unite Benjamin, or at least a portion of it, together with Judah, so the capital could be held. The Kingdom of Judah, that included Benjamin, continued until it was conquered by Babylon in c. 586 BCE and the population deported, and was subjected to the Babylonian captivity. I would add that 1 Samuel 8 -- specifically the exchange between Samuel, God, and the people in verses 6-22 -- provides a reasonable explanation. BENJAMIN, TRIBE OF bn j mn (, or , or ; LXX ; , G1021; ; Benjamin or sons of Benjamin). [23] Still, in light of a general lack of material evidence explicitly indicating a United Monarchy, it cannot be positively ascertained whether some portents of the biblical narrative of the United Monarchy and the origins of David's dynasty have any historical basis. In the Blessing of Jacob, Benjamin is referred to as "a ravenous wolf";[8] traditional interpretations often considered this to refer to the might of a specific member of the tribe, either the champion Ehud, king Saul, or Mordecai of the Esther narrative, or in Christian circles, the apostle Paul. The other 10 tribes were exiled from the Kingdom of . One of the things you will notice in this prophecy is that Jacob mentions that the scepter will not depart from Judah, and he refers to Judah as a lion. In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and world to come. How many wives David had? As more sites have been excavated, there has been a growing consensus that the main story of Joshua, that of a speedy and complete conquest (e.g. On the other hand, excavations at Khirbet Qeiyafa[20] and Gath[21] were interpreted by some to show that Judah was capable of accommodating large-scale urban societies centuries before minimalist scholars claim, and some have taken the physical archaeology of tenth-century Canaan as consistent with the former existence of a unified state on its territory,[22] as archaeological findings demonstrate substantial development and growth at several sites, plausibly related to the tenth century. Jewish Quarterly Review, hereafter "J. Q. R.", xv. Shimei the son of Gera was there with them. All that remains of the name is the final syllable, the extremely common theophoric suffix -yah. Today, David is most famous for being the boy who defeated a giant with a slingshot. An account in Genesis explains the name of Benjamin as a result of the birth of the tribe's founder, Benjamin. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. If God had initiated the kingship, I think He would have started with David. How to follow the signal when reading the schematic? The stele is dated to circa 840 BCE; however, the name of the Davidic king is not totally preserved, as much of the stele has not survived since the 9th century BCE. Benjamin was the only son born in Canaan and choosing the first king from Benjamin is a way to recognize that distinction. Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line. On his father's side, Rashi has been claimed to be a 33rd-generation descendant of Johanan HaSandlar, who was a fourth-generation descendant of Gamaliel, who was reputedly descended from the Davidic line. Thus Shimei, the son of Gera, who was of the house of Saul, when he saw David and his men fleeing from Absalom, cursed him, raining dust and stones on his head (16:5ff.). [3] The Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges suggests that the tribe of Benjamin "was the most likely to offer opposition [to Abner] through fear of losing dignity and advantage by the transference of the royal house to the tribe of Judah".[4]. After the death of David's son, King Solomon, the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line, refusing to accept Solomon's son, Rehoboam, and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel. He was betrayed by a woman of Abel of Beth-maachah and was slain. If you have any questions, please review our Privacy Policy or email us at privacy@biblegateway.com. The exact boundary lines of Benjamins territory are impossible to determine with certainty. They see the book as an ideological retrojection from a later period either as early as the reign of Josiah or as late as the Hasmonean period. When you get a chance, please take the, Why Was A Benjamite Chosen as Israel's First King? Throughout the Old Testament narrative, we see David write laments and songs to commemorate important moments and express deep emotions, such as when he learns that Saul and Jonathan died (2 Samuel 1:19-27). Sauls servants believed a musician would help soothe Saul whenever the spirit came to torment him. Since Benjamin is the youngest, his tribe should be given the first opportunity to rule. Wilhelm Bacher, Jacob Zallel Lauterbach (1906). As part of the Kingdom of Judah, Benjamin escaped the destruction of the northern kingdom by the Assyrians in c. 740 BCE. Why is this sentence from The Great Gatsby grammatical? After the Israelites defeated the Philistines, women danced and sang: and David his tens of thousands. 1 Samuel 18:7. Hes also mentioned in several other books, and nearly half of the Psalms are attributed to him. the larger division of the tribe of Benjamin, to which the house of Saul, a much smaller subdivision of the family, belonged (see note on 2 Samuel 14:7). The Norwegians, the advanced Benjamin, made the Oslo Accords of 1993. It is a good question, and I do not know the answer. Hes the most frequently mentioned human in the Old Testament, and the second most frequently mentioned human in the entire Bible (only Jesus Christ is mentioned more). Bibliography W. F. Albright, From the Stone Age to Christianity (1957), passim; M. Noth, History of Israel (1958) 73f., 146, 233; GTT (1959), 164ff. Other rabbis interpret the name Benjamin as "son of the South," since he was the only son born to Jacob in Palestine, the others having been born in Mesopotamia, north of Palestine (Rashi ad loc. Even after Saul died in combat, those loyal to him werent just going to hand over the kingdom to David. ; Num. Whenever the spirit from God came on Saul, David would take up his lyre and play. Can archive.org's Wayback Machine ignore some query terms? He was later succeeded by his son, Solomon. [50] Some Christian commentators also believe that this same "curse" is the reason why Zerubbabel, the rightful Solomonic king during the time of Nehemiah, was not given a kingship under the Persian empire.[51]. 352); and in order to comfort Benjamin concerning his brother's fate, God showed him, while awake, Joseph's form and countenance (Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs, Benjamin x.; compare Tan., ed. Unfortunately for Ish-bosheth, his reign was short-lived. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Redemption ran in the family. But its also worth noting: God forbid David from building his temple because he had shed blood (1 Chronicles 28:3). In the 11th-15th century, families that descended from the Exilarchs that lived in the South of France (Narbonne and Provence) and in northern Iberian peninsula (Barcelona, Aragon and Castile) received the title "Nasi" in the communities and were called "free men". Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application. When he was born, Rachel gave him the name of Ben-oni: Then they journeyed from Bethel. Significance of Jerusalem . they enter the palace of the king. In the morning David wrote a letter to Joab and sent it with Uriah. While modern readers tend to focus on Jesus birth in a manger, its important to consider the implications that this manger was in Bethlehema town the Jewish people associated with one of the biggest announcements in their history, where their most important king had his humble beginnings. [29] Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. The tribe descended from Benjamin, the youngest son of Jacob. Abner was murdered out of revenge, and David cursed his killers and mourned his death. According to the Tanakh, King Saul ( Talut) was the son of Kish, a member of the tribe of Benjamin, one of the twelve Tribes of Israel ( 1 Samuel 9:1-2 ). 400 virgin women from Jabesh-Gilead were found and given in marriage to the Benjaminite men. By submitting your email address, you understand that you will receive email communications from Bible Gateway, a division of The Zondervan Corporation, 3900 Sparks Drive SE, Grand Rapids, MI 49546 USA, including commercial communications and messages from partners of Bible Gateway. The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above. Initially, David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from Hebron, but after seven and a half years, the other Israelite tribes, who found themselves leaderless after the death of Ish-bosheth, chose him to be their king as well.[25]. To get around this, they provided wives for the men by killing the men from Jabesh-Gilead who had not shown concern for the almost lost tribe of Benjamin as they did not come to grieve with the rest of Israel. History. In the captivity under Ezrah and Nehemiah it was only Benjamin and Judah that tribally returned to rebuild the kingdom. The first was called Belah ("swallow"), because Joseph had disappeared; the second, Becher, because Joseph was his mother's first-born; the third, Ashbel ("capture"), because Joseph was made a captive; the fourth, Gera, because he lived in a foreign land; the fifth, Naaman (grace), on account of Joseph's graceful speech; the sixth, Ei ("my only full brother"); the seventh, Rosh ("the older"); the eighth, Muppim ("double mouth") because Joseph taught Benjamin the things he himself had learned from his father; the ninth, uppim ("whose wedding I have not seen"); and the tenth, Ard, because Joseph was like a rose.

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